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Tip: Start with 50 random questions. If you miss one, use Mistake Review to drill it again.
Master revision notes supplied for your UNILAG PG entrance preparation.
Absolutely. Here is the output of the combined UNILAG notes, condensed into a practical exam-revision sheet.
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| FallacyMeaning | |
|---|---|
| Ad hominem | Attacking the person instead of the argument |
| Slippery slope | Claiming one action will inevitably lead to extreme consequences |
| Bandwagon | Saying something is true/good because many people believe/use it |
| False dilemma | Presenting only two choices when more exist |
| Confirmation bias | Focusing on evidence that supports existing beliefs |
| Appeal to ignorance | Saying something is true because it hasn't been proven false |
| Circular reasoning | Using the conclusion to support itself |
| Hasty generalization | Generalizing from insufficient evidence |
| False analogy | Assuming two things are sufficiently similar when they aren't |
| Post hoc / false cause | Assuming A caused B simply because A happened first |
| Strawman | Misrepresenting someone's argument so it is easier to attack |
| Appeal to tradition | Assuming something is correct because it has always been done that way |
| Bare assertion | Making a claim without supporting evidence |
“Don't listen to his economic plan because he failed mathematics.”
Answer: Ad hominem.
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General → Specific
If the premises are true and the reasoning is valid, the conclusion necessarily follows.
Example:
All humans are mortal.
Socrates is human.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
Specific → General
Produces a probable conclusion, not certainty.
Example:
I observed several cases where coffee increased alertness.
Therefore, coffee may increase alertness.
Evidence → Most likely explanation
Example:
Someone repeatedly develops a rash after eating peanuts.
A likely explanation is peanut allergy.
Uses similarities between things to reach a conclusion.
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If P → Q
P
Therefore Q.
If P → Q
Not Q
Therefore Not P.
If P → Q
Q
Therefore P.
If P → Q
Not P
Therefore Not Q.
All cats are mammals.
All mammals are warm-blooded.
Therefore, all cats are warm-blooded.
Valid conclusion.
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Differences:
+4, +6, +8, +10, +12
Answer = 42
×3 each time
Answer = 243
Squares:
1², 2², 3², 4², 5²
Answer = 36
Fibonacci sequence.
Answer = 13
×2
Answer = 32
÷2
Answer = 6.25
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Monday + 45 days:
45 ÷ 7 leaves remainder 3
Monday + 3 days = Thursday
A man is 4 times his son's age.
In 20 years, he will be twice his son's age.
Answer:
If:
BOOK → CPPL
Each letter moves +1 alphabetically.
B → C
O → P
O → P
K → L
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Recognizing your:
Managing emotions appropriately.
Example:
You are angry → take a breath before responding.
Understanding another person's feelings or perspective.
Continuing toward a goal despite obstacles.
Recovering and adapting after setbacks.
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Best approach:
Speak privately and understand the reason.
Good response:
“Thank you. Can you explain more?”
Good response:
Seek feedback, learn from it and revise.
Show:
Empathy and support.
Example:
Lashing out when stressed.
Deep breathing + time management.
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| WordMeaning | |
|---|---|
| Benevolent | Kind |
| Rapid | Quick |
| Generous | Kind |
| Candid | Frank |
| Reverie | Daydream |
| Meticulous | Careful and precise |
| Novel | New/original |
| Ambiguous | Unclear / multiple meanings |
| Louche | Indecent/disreputable |
| WordOpposite | |
|---|---|
| Obscure | Clear |
| Vague | Precise |
| Mandatory | Optional |
| Optimistic | Pessimistic |
| Ephemeral | Permanent/lasting |
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She doesn't like mathematics.
The information is very useful.
Neither of the students was present.
Each of the students has submitted.
He enjoys reading.
Preparation is always the key to success.
Complement = completes/enhances.
Her shoes complement her dress.
Compliment = praise.
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Requires:
Example:
Facial expression
Application for Research Assistant – John Doe
Slang in professional communication.
Strong password should contain:
Letters + numbers + symbols
Research/resources that are freely available online.
Expressing another person's ideas in your own words with citation.
Using another person's work/ideas without appropriate credit.
Communication occurring in real time.
Example:
Live video call
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A simplified sequence:
Literature Review → Data Collection → Findings → Conclusion
An area that needs further research.
Should be:
Specific + Researchable
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Example:
Interview
Uses numerical measurements/data.
First-hand data collected by the researcher.
Existing information.
Example:
Textbook
States that there is:
No relationship, effect or difference.
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Consistency
Question:
Does the measurement produce consistent results?
Accuracy / measuring what it claims to measure
Question:
Does the study actually measure what it claims to measure?
Reliability = Repeatability
Validity = Correctness
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Participants selected randomly.
Helps reduce bias and improve representativeness.
Participants deliberately selected because they have relevant characteristics.
Participants selected because they are easily available.
Existing participants help recruit additional participants.
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Participants voluntarily agree after understanding the study.
Experts evaluate research before publication.
A common referencing style in the social sciences.
A preliminary study used to test feasibility before the main study.
Studies events/variables over time.
Used in experiments to help reduce unwanted influences/bias.
Generate new knowledge.
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Memorize this order:
1. Identify the problem
2. Analyze the problem
3. Generate solutions
4. Evaluate alternatives
5. Implement solution
6. Evaluate the result
Break it into smaller manageable parts.
Prioritize and optimize allocation.
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Used mainly for:
Generating ideas
Initially, ideas should be generated without immediate criticism.
Helps:
Connect and organize ideas.
Finding an:
Unusual but effective solution.
A:
Trial version of a product/solution.
Generating new ideas.
Exploring/challenging new approaches.
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Selling price = ₦500
Profit = 25%
Cost price:
₦500 ÷ 1.25 = ₦400
One tap fills tank in 10 minutes.
Two identical taps:
10 ÷ 2 = 5 minutes
Digits:
0, 2, 4, 6
All distinct and leading zero allowed:
4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24
Each burns for 1 hour, but not uniformly.
Correct method:
Total:
45 minutes
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Correct sequence:
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If you have limited time, focus heavily on these:
Ad hominem = attack person
Bandwagon = popularity
Slippery slope = extreme consequences
Hasty generalization = insufficient sample
Post hoc = assuming causation because one event followed another
Strawman = misrepresenting an argument
Confirmation bias = seeking supporting evidence
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Deductive = General → Specific
Inductive = Specific → General
Abductive = Most likely explanation
Modus Ponens = VALID
Modus Tollens = VALID
Affirming Consequent = INVALID
Denying Antecedent = INVALID
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Primary data = First-hand
Secondary data = Existing source
Reliability = Consistency
Validity = Measures what it claims
Null hypothesis = No effect/relationship/difference
Research gap = Area needing further research
Qualitative example = Interview
APA = Common social-science referencing style
Pilot study = Test before main study
Peer review = Expert evaluation
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Self-awareness = Know yourself
Self-regulation = Control/manage emotions
Empathy = Understand others
Motivation = Continue toward goals
Social skills = Interact effectively
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Active listening = Essential
Facial expression = Non-verbal communication
PDF = Preserves formatting
DOI = Persistent identifier
Plagiarism = Using work without proper credit
Paraphrasing = Own words + citation
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First step = Identify the problem
Brainstorming = Generate ideas
Mind mapping = Connect ideas
Lateral thinking = Unusual solution
Prototype = Trial version
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This is the core output of the notes—the material you should revise repeatedly before moving into timed mock questions.